Consequently, the most urgent problems—climate change, pandemics, food security, and energy—demand institutionalized cooperation. The IPCC (since 1988) synthesizes global climate knowledge; ITER pools expertise for fusion; and UNESCO’s Recommendation on Open Science (2021) urges interoperable, inclusive systems. As nations negotiate a pandemic accord at the WHO, they confront Pasteur’s premise anew: that security and prosperity hinge on treating knowledge as a public good. When science is stewarded as humanity’s commons, borders matter less than the shared future they encircle. [...]
